Turgenev, Ivan (Sergeyevich)
俄國小説家、詩人和劇作家。在柏林大學讀書時就認識到西方的優越性和俄國進行現代化的必要性。約1862年後居住在歐洲。其作品以對俄國農民的寫實和充滿感情的刻畫，以及對試圖將國家推進到一個新時代的俄國知識分子的敏鋭觀察而着名。其最着名的作品包括《多餘人日記》（1850），對19世紀俄國文學界意志薄弱的一般知識階級冠以「多餘的人」的稱呼。他因短篇小説連環《獵人日記》（1852）博得名聲，批判了農奴制。其戲劇代表作是《村居一月》，小説《羅亭》（1856）隨後出版。他對改變和兩代人之間的差距的興趣反映在《前夜》（1860）和富有爭議性的《父與子》（1862）。他最偉大的小説《煙》（1867）對學術界的左翼和右翼都進行了批判和嘲笑。後來的《草原上的李爾王》（1870）和《春潮》（1872）將流暢的回憶同半幻想性相結合，而《處女地》（1877）則集中描寫民粹派人士希望在農民中間播下革命的種子。
1818～1883年
Turgenev, Ivan (Sergeyevich)
Russian novelist, poet, and playwright. His years at the University of Berlin convinced him of the West's superiority and the need for Russia to Westernize. He lived in Europe after c. 1862. He is known for realistic, affectionate portrayals of the Russian peasantry and for penetrating studies of the Russian intelligentsia who were attempting to move the country into a new age. His most famous early work is “The Diary of a Superfluous Man” (1850), which supplied the epithet “superfluous man” for the weak-willed intellectual common in 19th-century Russian literature. He gained fame with the short-story cycle A Sportman's Sketches (1852), which criticizes serfdom. His dramatic masterpiece, A Month in the Country (1855), and the novel Rudin (1856) followed. His interest in change and intergenerational differences is reflected in On the Eve (1860) and the controversial Fathers and Sons (1862), his greatest novel. Smoke (1867) caricatures both the left and right wings of the intelligentsia. The late A Lear of the Steppes (1870) and Torrents of Spring (1872) combine eloquent nostalgia with quasi-fantasy, while Virgin Soil (1877) focuses on populists who hope to sow revolution among the peasantry.
